Fallacies

Ad Hominem fallacy

The ad homonym fallacy happens when someone attempts to discredit someone’s argument with personal attacks rather than the substance of the argument itself.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem

Affirming the Consequent fallacy

It is the fallacy of taking a true conditional statement such as, if the lamp were broken then the room would be dark under certain assumptions like it is nighttime and the windows are closed and invalidly inferring its converse. The room is dark so the lamp must be broken.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent

Affirming the Disjunct fallacy

It occurs when, given an either or scenario, you wrongly assume that if one statement or outcome is true the other one cannot be true.

1. https://cerebralistic.com/affirming-a-disjunct/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_a_disjunct

Ambiguity fallacy

It happens when an unclear phrase with multiple definitions is used within the argument. Therefore, it does not support the conclusion.

https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Ambiguity-Fallacy

Anecdotal fallacy

The anecdotal fallacy occurs when people use their limited personal experience to draw sweeping conclusions about a given topic.

Appeal to Accomplishment fallcy

It’s kind of an appeal to Authority fallacy. It happens when an assert is deemed true or false based on the accomplishments of the proposer.

Appeal to Authority fallacy

It is a form of argument in which the mere fact that an influential figure holds a certain position is used as evidence that the position itself is correct.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority

Appeal to Consequences fallacy

It’s an argument that concludes a hypothesis to be either true or false based on whether the premise leads to desirable or undesirable consequences.

Appeal to Emotion fallacy

It’s a technique characterized by the manipulation of the other person’s emotions in order to win an argument, especially in the absence of factual evidence.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion

Appeal to Ignorance fallacy

It happens when someone asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false, or that a proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true.

https://www.txst.edu/philosophy/resources/fallacy-definitions/appeal-to-ignorance.html

Appeal to Nature fallacy

It’s an argument in which it is proposed that a thing is good because it is natural or bad because it is unnatural. It’s a fallacy because the unstated primary premise, what is natural is good is typically irrelevant and an opinion instead of a fact.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_nature

Appeal to Novelty fallacy

It happens when a proposal is claimed to be superior or better solely because it is new or modern.

Appeal to the Stone fallcy

It happens when a dismissal is made by stating or reiterating that the argument is absurd without providing further argumentation.

Appeal to Tradition fallacy

It happens when we ignore the evidence that we should change because we have been doing something for a long time.

Arrival Fallacy

Arrival Fallacy

Association fallacy

It’s the fallacy that asserts that properties of one thing must also be properties of another thing if both things belong to the same group.

Bulverism fallacy

It is the assumption and assertion that an argument is flawed or false because of the arguer identity.

Burden of Proof fallacy

The burden of proof lies with the one who makes a claim not the one who denies it. The burden of proof fallacy happens when a person tries to remove their need to provide proof for many reasons.

1. https://contractbook.com/dictionary/burden-of-proof
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)

Chronological Snobbery fallacy

Chronological snobbery considers modern ideas superior to those from earlier ages just because they are modern. It’s a form of appeal to novelty.

Cherry Picking fallacy

It’s the act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position while ignoring a significant portion of related and similar cases or data that may contradict that position.

Circular Reasoning fallacy

The circular reasoning fallacy is an argument that assumes the very thing it is trying to prove is true. Instead of offering evidence, it simply repeats the conclusion rendering the argument logically incoherent.

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/circular-reasoning-fallacy/

Circumnstantial ad Hominem fallcy

Stating that the arguer’s personal interest in advancing a conclusion means that their conclusion is wrong.

Collectors fallacy

Composition Fallacy

It arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_composition

Continuum fallacy

It’s the argument that two states or conditions cannot be considered distinct or do not exist at all, because between them there exists a continuum of states.

Courtier’s Reply fallcy

When a criticism is dismissed by claiming that the critic lacks sufficient knowledge, credentials, or training to credibly comment on the subject matter.

Denying the Antecedent fallacy

Denying the antecedent infers the inverse from an original statement. It’s something like, if you are a ski-instructor then you have a job. You are not a ski-instructor. Therefore you have no job.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent

Definist fallacy

It happens when one defines a term in such a way that makes one’s position much easier to defend.

https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Definist-Fallacy

Division Fallacy

The division fallacy occurs when one reasons that something that is true for a whole must also be true for all or some of its parts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_division

Ecological fallacy

An ecological fallacy is a logical error that occurs when the characteristics of a group are attributed to an individual.

In other words, ecological fallacies assume what is true for a population is true for the individual members of that population.

Entitled to my Opinion fallacy

I’m entitled to my opinion fallacy. When a person discredits any opposition by claiming that they are entitled to their opinion, instead of logically analyzing said opposition.

Equivocation fallacy

The equivocation fallacy refers to the use of an ambiguous word or phrase in more than one sense within the same argument.

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/equivocation-fallacy/

Etymological fallacy

It is the faulty argument that the true meaning of a word is its oldest or original meaning.

https://www.thoughtco.com/etymological-fallacy-words-1690613

Fallacy fallacy

It’s saying that when an argument contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false.

https://www.lisamcnulty.co.uk/essays/the-fallacy-fallacy

Fallacy of the single cause

It occurs when it is assumed that there is a single simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of small causes.

False Cause fallacy

It occurs when someone incorrectly assumes that something causes something else without enough proof. Usually, using just a correlation as proof.

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/false-cause-fallacy/

False Dilemma / The black and white fallacy

The false dilemma fallacy, also called the black and white fallacy, occurs when someone misrepresents an issue by offering only two options when more exist or by presenting the options as mutually exclusive when they are not.

False Equivalence fallacy

It’s a fallacy in which an equivalence is drawn between two subjects based on flawed or false reasoning.

Faulty analogy

It is saying that two things are alike in other ways just because they are alike in one way.

https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/rhetoric/faulty-analogy/

Genetic fallacy

It is the act of rejecting or accepting an argument solely on the basis of its origin, rather than its content.

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/genetic-fallacy/

Hasty Generalization / Overgeneralization fallacy

Hasty generalization, also known as the overgeneralization fallacy happens when making a claim based on evidence that is just too small.

Historian’s fallacy

The historian’s fallacy occurs when one assumes that decision makers in the past viewed events from the same perspective and had the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision.

Ignoratio Elenchi / Missing the point fallcy

Ignoro Eleni, also called missing the point, is the fallacy of presenting an argument that may or may not be logically valid and sound, but whose conclusion fails to address the issue in question.

Incomplete Comparison fallacy

It’s a misleading argument popular in advertising. Since the assertion is incomplete it cannot be refuted.

Inflation of Conflict fallacy

It’s the error of exaggerating the amount of disagreement in a field in order to invalidate claims in that field.

Loaded Question fallacy

A loaded question is a question that already contains an assumption.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaded_question

Ludic fallacy

It’s a term used to describe how people mistake the kind of uncertainty found in games for the kind of uncertainty found in real life. For example, organized competitive fighting trains the athlete to focus on the game and in order not to dissipate his concentration to ignore the possibility of what is not specifically allowed by the rules.

Middle-Ground fallacy

It’s the fallacy that the truth is always in the middle of two opposites.

Moralistic fallacy

Making statements about what is on the basis of claims about what ought to be in violation of fact value distinction.

Nirvana fallacy

Comparing a realistic solution with an idealized one and discounting or even dismissing the realistic solution as a result of comparing it to a perfect world or impossible standard.

No True Scotsman fallacy

It’s an attempt to defend a generalization of a certain group by excluding any counter examples for not being pure enough.

https://finmasters.com/no-true-scotsman-fallacy/

Personal Incredulity fallacy

It’s committed when the arguer presumes that whatever is true must be easy to understand or to imagine.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_incredulity

Proof by Assertion fallacy

It’s a fallacy in which a proposition is repeatedly restated regardless of contradiction and refutation. The proposition can sometimes be repeated until any challenges or opposition cease letting the proponent assert it as fact solely due to a lack of challengers.

Psychologist’s fallacy

It’s a fallacy that occurs when an observer assumes that his or her subjective experience reflects the true nature of an event.

Quoting out of Context fallacy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context

It’s a fallacy in which a passage from a quote is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning. Context may be omitted intentionally or accidentally.

Red Herring fallacy

A red herring is something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important question. It might be used to change the subject.

Reification fallacy

It happens when an abstract concept is treated as if it were a concrete real event. Something like saying that evolution selects which traits are passed on to future generations while evolution is not a conscious entity with will.

Retrospective Determinism fallacy

It’s the thought that because something happened under some circumstances, it was therefore bound to happen due to those circumstances.

Slippery Slope fallacy

In a slippery slope argument, a course of action is rejected with little or no evidence. One insists that it will lead to a chain reaction resulting in an undesirable end or ends.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_slope
2. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/slippery-slope-fallacy/

Special Pleading fallacy

Special pleading happens when applying standards principles or rules to other people or circumstances, while making oneself or certain circumstances exempt from the same critical criteria without providing adequate justification.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_pleading

Strawman fallacy

A Strawman fallacy happens when one rebuts an argument by misconstruing it.

1. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-straw-man-fallacy-definition-examples.html
2. Strawmanning: How to Use the Fallacy to Your Advantage https://themindcollection.com/strawmanning/

Sunk Cost fallacy

The sunk cost fallacy is our tendency to continue with something we’ve invested money effort or time into, even if the current costs outweigh the benefits.

https://asana.com/it/resources/sunk-cost-fallacy

Suppressed Correlative fallacy

The attempt to redefine one of two mutually exclusive options so that one alternative encompasses the other, thus making one alternative impossible. Something like, I need to know if we should stop for lunch or not. You are either hungry or not hungry. Which is it? If being hungry means being able to eat, I am always hungry.

https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Suppressed-Correlative

Thought Terminating Cliché fallcy

It’s a form of loaded language often passing as folk wisdom with the function of stopping an argument from proceeding further, ending the debate with a cliche rather than a point.

Tone Policing fallcy

An ad homonym fallacy that focuses on the emotion behind a message rather than the message itself as a discrediting tactic.

Tu QuoQue fallacy

Tu QuoQue is a technique that tends to discredit the opponent’s argument by attacking the opponent’s own personal behavior and actions as being inconsistent with their argument. Therefore, accusing hypocrisy instead of countering the actual argument.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_quoque

Texas Sharpshooter fallacy

The Texas Sharpshooter fallacy takes its name from the metaphor of a gunman shooting and then drawing targets around the bullet hole clusters to make it look like he hit the target. It illustrates how people first figure out what their conclusion is, and then go looking for data that supports it, ignoring differences and randomness.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/texas-sharpshooter-fallacy.asp

Two wrongs make a right fallacy

It’s an argument in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a similar allegation.

Vacuous Truth fallacy

A claim that is technically true but meaningless. Such as claiming that no mobile phones in the room are on when there are no mobile phones in the room.

References

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCg-SNOteQQ&list=PLVOspl3tsfno4KJQNw6bVu5KU6hd2Nt1m&index=10

1. https://owl.excelsior.edu/argument-and-critical-thinking/logical-fallacies/logical-fallacies-hasty-generalization/
2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulty_generalization
3. https://thosenerdygirls.org/logical-fallacies-8/
4. https://philpapers.org/rec/MANATP-6
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_to_moderation
6. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119165811.ch19
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorites_paradox

Tags

1. Planning fallacy